The Full Spectrum Every Energy Source Explained — A Singapore Perspective
Every energy source, explained from first principles.
15 chapters · 152 original technical diagrams · 136 cited sources · data current to 2025
The Full Spectrum is a systematic, illustrated introduction to every major energy source — from coal, oil and gas through nuclear, solar, wind, hydro, ocean and biomass, to grids, storage, hydrogen and the silicon power electronics now rewriting the century-old copper-and-iron grid.
It is written from Singapore: a city-state of 730 square kilometres with almost no energy endowment, importing more than 95% of what it burns. That scarcity forces a particular clarity — a country that cannot bet on any single source is obliged to understand all of them, including their costs, their risks, their ceilings, and what is left when they fail. Every chapter closes with a dedicated Singapore section.
The Q&A below answers 40 common questions about energy using figures drawn directly from the book, each with its unit, its year and its source. It is free to read and free to quote with attribution.
Energy Q&A
- What are the main types of energy storage and how long does each last?
- Singapore is sunny — so why is its solar share so low?
- What do the hydrogen colours (green, blue, grey) actually mean?
- How is nuclear waste actually dealt with?
- Why did solar become the cheapest electricity in history?
- Why must the grid balance supply and demand every second?